ABSTRACT
The phylogenetic relationships among the major groups of Pulmonata were studied by the information derived from a concatenated dataset consisting of mitochondrial (16S and COI) and nuclear (18S and 28S) markers. Heterobranchia are recovered as monophyletic. Euthyneura as paraphyletic due to the emergence of taxa from Opisthobranchia and lower Heterobranchia. The major groups of Pulmonata, namely Stylommatophora, Veronicellidae, Onchidiidae, Otinoidea, Siphonarioidea and Hygrophila are recovered as monophyletic. Monophyly of Basommatophora was not confirmed due to the variable position of Siphonarioidea and Amphiboloidea. Evolutionary divergence times for different taxa were also estimated using a relaxed molecular clock method in Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees (BEAST). The common ancestor of Heterobranchia and Caenogastropoda was originated in the Silurian period and the common ancestors of Euthyneura and Pulmonata were originated in the Carboniferous and lower Triassic periods, respectively.
ABSTRACT
Cells of organ systems are endowed with a relatively similar genome while epigenome niches keep varying chronologically and defined explicitly in the respective tissues. The genome of an individual is always influenced by parental, embryonic, tissue-specific, and environmental epigenomes and the same must have been the possible reason for invariable inquiries relating to familial, environmental and life style patterns in the preliminary investigations of diabetic complications. Unprecedented methylation of lysine residues of histones and cytosines of CpG islands of promoter DNA impede the transcription of genes and homocysteine is the metabolic key player of methyl groups. Gck and COX7A1 are the 2 examples in the present review to elucidate the epigenetic influence on the onset of diabetes. miRNAs are additional promising cellular components influencing both at transcriptional and translational levels and promoting either in favour or against (i.e., feed back) TFs, signaling factors and proteins through their pliotropic effects and thus are reported to regulate cellular physiology. miR-124a and miR-9 are primarily endemic to nervous tissue and they are now being exploited in islets for their function in executing exocytosis of insulin, which of course is one of the fundamental canons of diabetes. miR-375 persuades beta cells for glucose-induced insulin gene expression. The current approach to evaluate the constellation of genes and their products involved in diabetes in huge number of samples through GWA studies may unravel intricacies involved in the management of diabetes and its associated consequences.